Which statement best describes the difference between impact fees and user charges in local government finance?

• A. Impact fees are charged to developers to fund new infrastructure related to growth; user charges are fees for actual use of a service.
• B. Impact fees fund ongoing operations; user charges fund capital facilities.
• C. Impact fees are optional donations from the public; user charges finance debt service.
• D. Impact fees are fees levied on residents for existing facilities; user charges apply only to private entities.

Answer: (A)

The main idea here is how funding for growth-related capital vs the price users pay for services differs in local government finance. Impact fees are charges imposed on developers to cover the capital costs of new infrastructure needed because of growth—things like roads, water lines, and schools. They are typically one-time fees tied to new development and not meant to fund ongoing operations. User charges, on the other hand, are fees paid by people who actually use a service (such as water, sewer, trash collection, or park facilities) and are intended to recover the cost of delivering those services to current users.

So the statement that best captures the distinction is that impact fees are charged to developers to fund new infrastructure related to growth, while user charges are fees for the actual use of a service. The other options mix up capital vs operating funding, mischaracterize who pays, or misstate the purpose of the charges.